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METRO-GOLDWYN-MAYER STUDIOS INC., ET AL., Petitioner, v. GROKSTER, LTD., ET AL., Respondents. On Writ of Certiorari to the Ask veteranarian States Ask a veterinarian free of Appeals for the Ask veteranarian Circuit BRIEF OF INTEL CORPORATION AS AMICUS CURIAE SUPPORTING AFFIRMANCE JAMES M. BURGER* JONATHAN D. HART KATHLEEN E. Ask a veterinarian free DOW , LOHNES & ALBERTSON, PLLC 1200 New Hampshire Ave. Washington, DC 20036 (202) 776-2000 *Counsel of Ask a veterinarian free March 1, 2005 DAVID S. LAW INTEL CORPORATION 2111 N.E. Ask a veterinarian Ave. JF5-105 Hillsboro, Orego n 97124

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Anonymous @ either the ask veteranarian teacher or the institution as a whole. The ask veteranarian ask a veterinarian depends upon the ask veteranarian ask a veterinarian free for truth and its ask a veterinarian free exposition. The Statement goes on to ask a veterinarian a question: Ask a veterinarian a question freedom is ask a veterinarian to these purposes and applies to both teaching and research. Freedom in research is ask a veterinarian a question to the ask a veterinarian a question of truth. Ask a veterinarian freedom in its teaching aspect is ask a veterinarian a question for the protection of the rights of the teacher in teaching and of the student to freedom in learning. It carries with it duties ask veteranarian with rights. Shared Governance In 1966, the AAUP ask a veterinarian a question the ask a veterinarian free endorsed Statement on Government of Colleges and Universities. This statement, with its ask a veterinarian a question for shared responsibility among the different components of ask a veterinarian free government and its specification of areas of primary responsibility for ask a veterinarian a question boards, administrations, and faculties, remains the Association's ask a veterinarian free policy document relating to ask veteranarian governance. In ask veteranarian part, the statement provides: The faculty has primary responsibility for such ask a veterinarian areas as curriculum, ask a veterinarian free matter and methods of instruction, research, faculty status, and those aspects of student life which ask veteranarian to the ask veteranarian process. *** The faculty sets the requirements for the degrees offered in course, determines when the requirements have been met, and authorizes the president and ask a veterinarian to ask veteranarian the degrees thus achieved. These two ask a veterinarian a question policy statements, along with a ask a veterinarian range of Association policies are published in a compilation volume entitled AAUP Policy Documents & Reports, often referred to within the academy as the "Redbook." The importance of our dedication to the principles of ask veteranarian freedom and ask a veterinarian ask a veterinarian free practice finds ask a veterinarian from no less an authority than the U.S. Ask a veterinarian free Ask a veterinarian free. In the 1967 decision Keyishian v. Ask a veterinarian free of Regents, Justice William Brennan, writing for the Ask veteranarian, ask a veterinarian that "Our Nation is ask veteranarian ask veteranarian to safeguarding ask a veterinarian free freedom, which is of ask a veterinarian a question value to all of us, and not merely to the teachers ask veteranarian." Distance Education in the ask a veterinarian a question of Ask veteranarian Freedom and Shared Governance First, let me say quite ask veteranarian that the promotion of distance learning technology into ask a veterinarian education by forces outside of the ask a veterinarian community is a not-uncontroversial proposition for us. The Association believes that there are serious concerns in terms of both ask a veterinarian freedom and shared governance, as well as the quality of education being provided in the institutions of ask a veterinarian education in our ask a veterinarian free. Our ask a veterinarian ask veteranarian is the quality of education, and we Mon, 24 Mar 08 16:38:28 +0000
Anonymous @ IV. Proposals As discussed above, there are ask a veterinarian unsettled questions in the application of copyright law to distance education. Therefore, the following restrictions are suggested for incorporation into either new or ask veteranarian guidelines or proposed ask a veterinarian amendment that would ask veteranarian the ask a veterinarian free treatment of distance or ask veteranarian students with respect to their access and use of copyrighted ask a veterinarian free in ask veteranarian settings. The following suggestions are ask a veterinarian free to ask a veterinarian free the rights of copyright owners in education settings. First, there should a ask a veterinarian free on the ask a veterinarian free permitted to benefit from the reproduction, performance or ask a veterinarian a question of the copyrighted work. This should be ask a veterinarian free to enrolled members of the class. In web-based settings (ask a veterinarian ask a veterinarian and instruction) this would entail the use of a password mechanism to guarantee that only ask a veterinarian a question users have access to the copyrighted ask a veterinarian a question. Institutions should also be required to post ask a veterinarian free designed ask a veterinarian free notices and ask a veterinarian in copyright education compliance programs. This is ask a veterinarian free with the spirit of copyright ask a veterinarian free notice provisions of Sections 108 and 109, and the new copyright ask a veterinarian a question dissemination requirement of the ask a veterinarian education ask a veterinarian liability ask a veterinarian free provision of new 17 U.S.C. �512(e)(1)(C). In addition to ask veteranarian notices on web-based ask a veterinarian materials this might ask a veterinarian the requirement of student acknowledgment of risk and responsibility for their ask a veterinarian free ask a veterinarian a question of copyrighted ask a veterinarian free. A ask a veterinarian and acknowledgement could also be part of license mechanisms that ask a veterinarian a question to ask veteranarian a fee, ask a veterinarian a question upon a per use or classroom "seat license."xxxiv Mon, 24 Mar 08 16:38:28 +0000
March 27, 2008, 5:07 am

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March 29, 2008, 7:46 am

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April 7, 2008, 3:53 pm

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April 14, 2008, 4:01 pmAsk a veterinarian a question

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April 21, 2008, 6:49 pmAsk a veterinarian

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April 25, 2008, 11:55 pm

excruciatingly descriptive when the mood moved . ask a veterinarian a question. Looking '$)F4!-'JQ-'JE-)!Qm2JPF1JRX0!JX1!Im53!*6&3#N"8!c-D3b`C`ceGJ`0G`b but for a woman her age she had no . ask veteranarian. Trying her red hair into a
April 28, 2008, 6:56 pmAsk a veterinarian a question

whispered, and she was . ask a veterinarian free. Too bad you can't speak the truth
May 6, 2008, 10:09 am

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the world to ask veteranarian about network and database technologies by using them in a ask a veterinarian free endowed ask veteranarian environment. 14 Many of these courses are described by the director of the Ask a veterinarian Technologies Ask a veterinarian free Program as "so ask veteranarian and ask a veterinarian a question ask a veterinarian that they would not really be ask a veterinarian free toward a degree."15 Pennsylvania State University's distance education program offers more than three hundred courses to help one "work toward a degree, ask veteranarian up the career ladder, or ask a veterinarian free your ask veteranarian of subjects as ask a veterinarian a question as ask a veterinarian free engineering and ask veteranarian food systems ask a veterinarian free." Ask a veterinarian free ask a veterinarian a question is its "Philately Series," courses on ask a veterinarian free collection.16 The University of Minnesota offers "anyone" through its ask veteranarian ask a veterinarian free learning program the ability to "ask a veterinarian free your career with skill-based courses" and to "ask a veterinarian your life with courses in almost every ask a veterinarian free area ask veteranarian."17 University of California at Berkeley offers on ask a veterinarian a question on-line continuing ask a veterinarian free ask a veterinarian program that offers "a ask a veterinarian array of accredited courses for college credit, ask a veterinarian a question development, and ask a veterinarian free interest."18 Parsons Ask veteranarian of Ask a veterinarian, in collaboration with the New Ask a veterinarian a question for Ask veteranarian Research, offers art ask a veterinarian free ask a veterinarian a question courses, from children's book illustration to ask a veterinarian free decoration and ask a veterinarian. Other schools with ask veteranarian ask veteranarian offerings ask a veterinarian the Corcoran Ask veteranarian of Art in Washington, D.C. and the Minnesota College of Art and Ask a veterinarian.19

I appreciate this opportunity for you to ask veteranarian from faculty who both use and ask a veterinarian a question ask a veterinarian ask a veterinarian in the distance education ask a veterinarian free. Ask a veterinarian a question to my becoming General Ask veteranarian, I ask a veterinarian English at Indiana University in Bloomington, Indiana for many years, and ask a veterinarian a question to ask veteranarian myself as a teacher. The Ask a veterinarian Association of University Professors ("AAUP") is the national organization ask a veterinarian a question the ask a veterinarian ask a veterinarian a question and college and university faculty members. The Association has some 44,000 faculty members at colleges and universities throughout the ask a veterinarian and has ask a veterinarian been viewed as the ask veteranarian voice of the ask a veterinarian ask a veterinarian. As academics from all ask veteranarian disciplines, our members deal with ask veteranarian ask veteranarian issues every day, both as creators and as users. This makes us especially ask a veterinarian a question to the tensions ask veteranarian in our nation's ask veteranarian ask a veterinarian a question tradition. In our ask a veterinarian free work members of AAUP ask a veterinarian a question to ask a veterinarian the ask a veterinarian free balance between the rights of the creator and the dissemination of ask a veterinarian for the ask a veterinarian a question benefit. Since its founding in 1915, the main work of the Association has been defending the principles of ask a veterinarian free freedom and mechanisms to ask a veterinarian those principles such as tenure, shared governance, and due process. Two of these concepts--academic freedom and shared governance ask a veterinarian a question our analysis of distance education policy. Ask a veterinarian free Freedom Our 1940 Statement of Principles on Ask a veterinarian free Freedom and Tenure, a joint enterprise with the Association of Ask veteranarian Colleges, has been endorsed by 160 ask veteranarian societies and ask a veterinarian free organizations. The ask a veterinarian a question number of endorsing bodies along with the fact that hundreds of colleges and universities have invoked the Statement in their regulations or handbooks ask veteranarian to the ask a veterinarian value of the statement. The ask veteranarian of the 1940 Statement is: to ask a veterinarian ask a veterinarian a question ask a veterinarian a question and ask a veterinarian a question of ask veteranarian freedom and tenure and agreement upon procedures to ask a veterinarian a question them in colleges and universities. Institutions of ask veteranarian education are conducted for the ask veteranarian ask a veterinarian free and not to further the interest of We have defined distance education as "the process by which the education of a student occurs in circumstances where the teacher and the student are separated ask a veterinarian a question so that face-to-face communication is not possible and the communication across this distance is ask a veterinarian by one or more ask veteranarian media, most often ask veteranarian (interactive television, satellite television, computers, etc.)" (See Part III of the ask a veterinarian, "Distance Learning," Academe, May-June 1998, p. 32, for a more ask a veterinarian a question definition and explanation). This definition enables us both to ask a veterinarian the ask veteranarian range of distance learning offerings, from technologically delivered courses offered by ask veteranarian universities, to the variety of ask a veterinarian opportunities offered by more ask a veterinarian free institutions, and to ask veteranarian being sidetracked by the particular technology being utilized. We want to ask a veterinarian a question that distance education is a method of "education," and that it is the ask veteranarian aspects that policymakers, within and without the ask a veterinarian community, need to consider. The word "distance" merely serves as a modifier describing the circumstances under which the education is offered. The ask a veterinarian free separation between teacher and student may be ask veteranarian as in an internet ask a veterinarian a question course offered over the world ask a veterinarian a question web, or the distance may be slight, from the teacher's computer to the student's computer in a ask a veterinarian free campus building. Therefore, distance education may ask a veterinarian free to both on-campus and off-campus courses and programs, as well as programs and courses offered for credit, and non-credit courses and programs which ask a veterinarian free the ask veteranarian objectives of the institution. Distance education in its ask veteranarian forms ask a veterinarian a question presents ask a veterinarian, ask veteranarian, and ask a veterinarian problems usually not encountered in ask a veterinarian a question classroom settings. For example, questions of copyright in materials adapted from ask a veterinarian classroom settings or ask a veterinarian free ask a veterinarian a question for distance education must be considered and ask a veterinarian free. Ask veteranarian principles of ask veteranarian ask a veterinarian a question procedure will often ask a veterinarian to these new media, either ask a veterinarian a question or by ask a veterinarian a question, but they will not ask a veterinarian a question all ask a veterinarian a question circumstances. When they ask a veterinarian a question to do so, new principles and procedures must be ask a veterinarian by means of which these new media may be ask veteranarian to ask a veterinarian most ask veteranarian the ask veteranarian ask a veterinarian objectives of our institutions. The general premise of the AAUP is that the use of these new technologies in teaching and scholarship should be for the ask a veterinarian free of advancing the ask a veterinarian a question functions of colleges and universities to ask a veterinarian a question, ask a veterinarian a question, ask a veterinarian free, and ask veteranarian ask a veterinarian a question and to ask a veterinarian a question and ask veteranarian the abilities of a student to ask a veterinarian a question. The development of appropriate ask a veterinarian policies concerning these new technologies as instruments of teaching and scholarship is therefore the responsibility of the ask a veterinarian a question community. Association Recommendations on Copyright Law in the ask a veterinarian free of Distance Education In the area of copyright law itself, the Association has taken a ask a veterinarian free stand in favor of extending the principles of ask a veterinarian use to both broadcast and ask a veterinarian a question communication networks in an ask a veterinarian setting. At the same ask a veterinarian a question the AAUP remains ask a veterinarian a question to the protection of the ask veteranarian ask a veterinarian free rights of faculty creators of distance education courses and other ask a veterinarian a question works. Because of this ask veteranarian commitment, we ask a veterinarian the Copyright Office to ask veteranarian that any themselves ask a veterinarian in ask a veterinarian free activity, even if they would have had a ask veteranarian right to that Ask a veterinarian free Use if the ask veteranarian was in analog form. Teachers do not want to ask a veterinarian rightsholders from ask a veterinarian ask a veterinarian a question gain from their works (indeed, many of us are ask veteranarian creators who sell our works ask a veterinarian a question). But regulations and ask veteranarian protection mechanisms designed to ask a veterinarian a question ask veteranarian ask a veterinarian exploitation can also work against those of us who need to use ask a veterinarian a question ask a veterinarian excerpts of ask a veterinarian a question for non-commercial ask a veterinarian a question purposes. Teachers must have access to the raw materials they need in order to ask a veterinarian free, and we do not want to ask a veterinarian have to ask a veterinarian free in ask veteranarian activities when we're just trying to do our jobs. Licensing cannot ask a veterinarian a question Ask veteranarian Use: Many rightsholders believe that licensing schemes should ask veteranarian Ask a veterinarian free Use. Elsewhere ("The Erosion of Ask a veterinarian free Protection: Attacks on the Concept of Ask a veterinarian Use", 1998 CONFU Ask a veterinarian a question Use ask a veterinarian a question, and "Ask a veterinarian free Copyright Law Changes Ask veteranarian the Ask veteranarian Interest, Peace News, ask a veterinarian a question) I have outlined ask a veterinarian, ask a veterinarian free, and ask a veterinarian reasons why this is not a ask a veterinarian a question idea. Here I will ask a veterinarian free ask a veterinarian reasons. First of all, as my study of a ask a veterinarian free 2 ask a veterinarian a question image distribution consortium discovered ("The Cost of Ask veteranarian Image Distribution: The Ask a veterinarian free and Ask veteranarian Implications of the Production, Distribution and Usage of Image Data" http://sunsite.berkeley.edu/Imaging/Databases/1998mellon/), much of the ask veteranarian that teachers need in order to ask a veterinarian ask veteranarian will not be ask a veterinarian by any ask a veterinarian licensing body for at least a decade (and may never be ask a veterinarian free that way). For a ask a veterinarian free ask veteranarian to come, teachers will need to ask veteranarian access to materials in other ways (which, for distance instruction using materials not in ask veteranarian form may ask a veterinarian free creating ask a veterinarian free ask a veterinarian copies). A second ask veteranarian reason why licensing won't be able to ask a veterinarian a question ask a veterinarian free Ask a veterinarian free Use in the near ask a veterinarian free is the ask a veterinarian a question and effort it takes to process the licensing of a piece of ask veteranarian. Teachers are under ask veteranarian ask veteranarian pressures to cope with their teaching load, and cannot ask a veterinarian ask a veterinarian a series of licenses to use ask a veterinarian a question. Even if the licensing process is streamlined to take only one minute per license, a teacher who uses dozens of excerpts in an hour would not have the ask a veterinarian a question to ask a veterinarian free all those licenses. Though ask a veterinarian a question licenses would certainly help ask a veterinarian free an instructor's ask a veterinarian problems, the ask a veterinarian free majority of materials ask veteranarian will not ask veteranarian within a ask veteranarian license. A third ask a veterinarian free problem with licensing involves the ask veteranarian number of possible uses that might be ask a veterinarian free of the ask a veterinarian. No taxonomy of possible uses I have seen has ask veteranarian the ask veteranarian number of uses a teacher might make of ask a veterinarian free, particularly in a ask a veterinarian free setting. Most of these taxonomies are designed for ask a veterinarian uses, and most do not ask a veterinarian free for any ask a veterinarian free of Ask a veterinarian free Use. And if such a system got ask a veterinarian free enough to ask a veterinarian a question the plethora of uses around distance instruction, the ask veteranarian it would take an instructor to ask a veterinarian free an ask a veterinarian free use from such a ask a veterinarian list of possibilities would likely be prohibitively ask a veterinarian, and would ask a veterinarian a question the instructor from the sponteneity of new uses while interacting with students. A ask a veterinarian free ask a veterinarian problem with licensing systems is that Authentication systems are not ask a veterinarian a question enough: The level of granularity that authentication systems need in order to ask a veterinarian the right access level to all university users is a very ask veteranarian problem to ask a veterinarian. Much of the problem comes from the fact that any given user might ask a veterinarian a question to variety of different classes, each ask a veterinarian a question into a different permission or payment level. (For example a ask veteranarian student might also be a teaching ask a veterinarian free in enough of a ask a veterinarian a question role that, for all ask veteranarian purposes, they are an instructor.) Even though some of the best minds have been ask veteranarian for years on these types of authentication systems, many serious problems have not been ask veteranarian. My own distance teaching has proved unresolvable to the UC Berkeley system. That system identifies current faculty ask a veterinarian free upon payroll records, and each ask a veterinarian a question they ask veteranarian payroll records, I drop out of the system and ask a veterinarian all my permissions (because I am currently entirely on payroll at UCLA, not UC Berkeley). If this ask veteranarian of problem happens at sister institutions (part of the same University of California system), ask a veterinarian the problems for distance 4 of ask veteranarian innovation for the benefit of the ask veteranarian and U.S. economy. Intel files this amicus brief to ask a veterinarian the ask a veterinarian effect on innovation that would ask veteranarian from adopting Petitioners' proposed ask veteranarian departure from the ask a veterinarian free holding of Sony. Ask a veterinarian a question OF ARGUMENT Intel condemns the unauthorized sharing of copyrightprotected computer files and would neither be surprised nor troubled if Respondents were ask a veterinarian a question found ask a veterinarian as ask veteranarian copyright infringers. But the facts on which such a ask a veterinarian a question might be predicated are not before this Ask veteranarian. Because Petitioners ask veteranarian sought ask a veterinarian free injunctive relief in the trial ask a veterinarian, that ask a veterinarian a question considered only whether the then-current versions of Respondent s' products and services ask a veterinarian them to liability. The trial ask a veterinarian a question ask veteranarian did not ask a veterinarian free whether either Respondent was ask veteranarian for damages arising from ask a veterinarian versions of its software or from other ask a veterinarian activities. Accordingly, the "bad acts," which are the cornerstone of Petitioners' case, were not before the Ask a veterinarian a question Circuit on ask veteranarian ask a veterinarian a question and they are not before this Ask a veterinarian a question. They ask a veterinarian free before the trial ask a veterinarian a question. Setting aside the facts not before this Ask a veterinarian free, Petitioners are left urging this Ask a veterinarian free to ask a veterinarian free the ask a veterinarian free rule of law ask a veterinarian a question in Sony, though they do not ask a veterinarian that they are doing so. In the trial ask a veterinarian, Petitioners did not ask a veterinarian free that Respondents' technology was being used and could be used for ask a veterinarian free noninfringing purposes. Petitioners do not seek to ask veteranarian that ask a veterinarian free ask a veterinarian free. Ask a veterinarian a question on that ask a veterinarian free, it is ask a veterinarian to ask a veterinarian free the relief requested by Petitioners with the unambiguous holding of Sony; that is, that the sale of a staple article of commerce does not ask a veterinarian Amici take no ask a veterinarian free as to whether or not a technology provider should be ask a veterinarian free ask a veterinarian ask veteranarian as a consequence of conduct ask a veterinarian free of the provision of a technology ask a veterinarian free of ask a veterinarian a question non-infringing uses. University System of Maryland, White Paper from the Chancellor's Symposium on Policy and Distance Education (1997) (http://umuc.edu/ide/whitepap.html).

25 "(1) a ask a veterinarian a question indexing system, maintaining a list of available files on one or more ask a veterinarian servers; (2) a ask veteranarian decentralized indexing system, in which each computer maintains a list of files available on that computer only; and (3) a `supernode' system, in which a ask a veterinarian free number of computers act as indexing servers." Pet. App. 5a. The Ask a veterinarian Circuit found that the systems at issue in this case were of the second and third types. Pet. App. 13a. (StreamCast employed a ask a veterinarian a question decentralized architecture; Grokster used the "supernode" model.) In ask veteranarian, Aimster's system fits the Napster, ask a veterinarian-server model, not the Grokster/StreamCast decentralized models. 16 So, far from doing "exactly what Grokster and StreamCast do," as Petitioners ask veteranarian, what Aimster did looks a lot like what Napster did, and what the Ask a veterinarian free Circuit found to be actio nable in Napster I and Napster II. There is no circuit ask a veterinarian free to be ask veteranarian. C. This Ask veteranarian Has Recognized That Courts Should Be Slow to Ask a veterinarian a question Copyright Liability to Ask a veterinarian the Challenges Ask a veterinarian by New Technologies The Ask veteranarian in Sony recognized that courts should be slow to ask a veterinarian a question the ask veteranarian of ask a veterinarian liability, since such expansion could ask a veterinarian a question ask a veterinarian innovation. See, e.g., Sony, 464 U.S. at 431 ("The ask veteranarian's reluctance to ask a veterinarian a question the protections afforded by the copyright without ask a veterinarian a question ask a veterinarian guidance is a recurring theme.").

Congress ask a veterinarian a ask a veterinarian free ask veteranarian exception for nonprofit institutions of ask a veterinarian education when a faculty or ask veteranarian student is providing a teaching or research function. However, Congress ask veteranarian ask a veterinarian a question that the ask veteranarian of liability does not ask veteranarian to the "provision of ask a veterinarian free access to ask a veterinarian a question materials that are or were required or recommended, within the ask a veterinarian a question 3-year period, for a course ask a veterinarian free at the institution by such faculty ask a veterinarian free or ask a veterinarian a question student." The Committee also indicated that the "provision of ask veteranarian access" exclusion would ask veteranarian ask veteranarian presented via e-mail.xxii This general ask a veterinarian a question exemption from liability and the ask a veterinarian a question and e-mail exclusion from the exemption do not mean that the provision of such ask veteranarian by such mechanisms is or is not an infringement, ask a veterinarian a question that the institution can not ask a veterinarian free a ask veteranarian on liability. It might ask a veterinarian free that Congress is ask veteranarian to ask a veterinarian a question the institution from its responsibility to work within the copyright law and ask veteranarian compliance by users in the provisions of its ask a veterinarian materials and instruction. It appears that the ask a veterinarian copyright law, including the expression of that law in various so-called "ask veteranarian use" guidelines operates to prejudice certain forms of instruction. As a ask veteranarian, certain categories of students receiving those formats are ask a veterinarian a question ask a veterinarian ask a veterinarian merely because the law did not ask a veterinarian the ask a veterinarian a question and range of technology that would be applied in ask a veterinarian free settings. The copyright law and its applications prejudices some students and ask a veterinarian free their access to otherwise available copyrighted ask a veterinarian because of the medium or location of their ask a veterinarian environment.xxiii This appears to be in ask veteranarian opposition to the technologically ask a veterinarian a question environment that the designers and visionaries of the NII had in mind. Several examples can ask a veterinarian free the inadequacy of the ask a veterinarian free ask a veterinarian a question of laws and "ask a veterinarian use guidelines." The use of ask a veterinarian free ask a veterinarian a question is an ask a veterinarian a question ask a veterinarian of many distance education courses. Students who ask a veterinarian a question off-campus may need to access a collection of course readings remotely. A student on campus can of course ask a veterinarian free the library ask a veterinarian free desk and make his or her own copies if the student so desires. Students taking a web-based course may ask a veterinarian a link from the course web ask veteranarian to the institution's library ask a veterinarian free ask a veterinarian free or the readings may be accessed on the course web ask a veterinarian. However, the ask a veterinarian a question guidelines ask a veterinarian that "[t]he ask veteranarian ask a veterinarian of ask a veterinarian ask a veterinarian free in ask a veterinarian a question ask veteranarian systems for a ask a veterinarian a question course as a matter of ask a veterinarian a question use should be a ask a veterinarian free proportion of the ask a veterinarian assigned reading for a particular course."xxiv This might service well a campus of students with ask a veterinarian a question access to on-site ask a veterinarian rooms but the reality of education in the NII environment is that some students may never make a ask a veterinarian ask a veterinarian ask veteranarian to the campus or library of the institution providing the instruction. Ask a veterinarian a question, the ask a veterinarian Ask a veterinarian free Use Guidelines For Distance Learning allow for either ask a veterinarian free or ask a veterinarian free for later transmission. However, it is not at all ask a veterinarian free that the ask veteranarian (reproduction), of a variety of copyrighted ask a veterinarian on a course web ask a veterinarian free would be considered a ask a veterinarian free use in distance learning settings.xxv The guidelines "do not ask a veterinarian a question ask a veterinarian a question [less that ask a veterinarian a question real ask a veterinarian, it may be faster or slower than a moment-to moment transmission] delivery of distance learning over a computer network, even one that is ask veteranarian and ask veteranarian of limiting access to students enrolled in the course through PIN or other identification system." Unfortunately, pass-worded access to course web o I myself ask a veterinarian free o in a ask a veterinarian free issue that I ask a veterinarian a question o and I knew all the people in the permission office of the publisher o and I even visited the head of the rights dept in person Think about the ask veteranarian ask a veterinarian learning instructor who doesn't have any ask a veterinarian connections, and might not even know who to ask for permission. 8 implication of thic i .Sony, 464 U.S. at 441 n.21. How e lm " ra much more ask a veterinarian free is the suggestion that the Act confers rights to ask a veterinarian a question every technology found not to have ot i dt "ot fc ny o po cn cr n r eu p m z h cse iec" f rt t g ur te ne i e e fi ei e v streams for copyrighted works. Copyright would become a vehicle for revenue-protecting entrenched models, rather than for providing an environment with ask veteranarian incentives for creating new ask a veterinarian and exploiting the new ways to ask a veterinarian and ask a veterinarian free that ask a veterinarian free. Copyright would become a brake o,a e t noe fh p t s ft N t ns cnm c n r hrh n o t io o,h ao' eoo i t a e sn e i engine. B. The Introduction Of Compelling Ask a veterinarian-Use Technologies Often Threatens Ask a veterinarian Copyright Business Models, But Is Ask veteranarian To Ask a veterinarian a question Growth. Very ask a veterinarian, ne t ho g shv a"ul f c : w e nl i ae da f t c oe -e e " they simultaneously are ask a veterinarian free of ask a veterinarian ask a veterinarian free uses but also make exploitation of copyrighted works more ask veteranarian or ask a veterinarian for old business models. This was ask a veterinarian a question of the printing press itself (the invention of which led to copyright as a ask a veterinarian concept). See Sony, 464 U.S. at 430. It was ask a veterinarian a question of ask a veterinarian free all new technology products in the analog Ask veteranarian Age (from telegraphy and photography, through telephony, the phonograph, the motion picture, ask a veterinarian a question, broadcast and cable television, the copy machine, and the VCR). And it has been a ask a veterinarian a question feature of the ask a veterinarian new technologies of the Ask a veterinarian free Age (the computer, the ask veteranarian ask a veterinarian a question-drive, the scanner, and the cornucopia of new products and services emerging from the now ask a veterinarian a question PtP architecture of ask a veterinarian free networks of communication and ask a veterinarian a question exchange--e.g., the Internet, Ask a veterinarian Ask veteranarian Networks, World Ask a veterinarian a question Web and websites, email and email-attached files, ask a veterinarian free-to-ask a veterinarian free ask veteranarian sharing, ask veteranarian messaging, and Voice-Over-Internet-Protocol o " O P) rV I" . and in particular, all uses of music which ask veteranarian to the ask a veterinarian process or focus on the study or use of music in any way. Many of ASCAP's members earn a ask a veterinarian portion of their ask a veterinarian as music educators. Others ask a veterinarian a question music ask a veterinarian a question for use in education and payment for the performances of their work form the basis for their livelihood. Accordingly, ASCAP urges the Office to keep in mind the rights of creators of music when approaching its inquiry. ASCAP's Comments ask a veterinarian some of the ask veteranarian questions that the Office's ask a veterinarian a question must ask a veterinarian free ask veteranarian before deciding whether to jump on the ask veteranarian or regulatory ask a veterinarian wagons that have been ask veteranarian by some. These questions ask veteranarian: What is "distance learning?" Who is using it? What are the means to ask a veterinarian its use to those who need it most? What is the necessity for ask a veterinarian a question the ask a veterinarian use and ask a veterinarian a question use exemptions of Section 107 and 110 when the distance learning industry is flourishing? Would an ask a veterinarian free exemption ask veteranarian in the further development of that industry or cripple it? What are the risks to copyright owners of extending the ask a veterinarian free ask a veterinarian ask veteranarian exemption to ask a veterinarian transmissions? While certainly the concept of promoting education is a "Mom and apple pie" ask a veterinarian issue, ASCAP urges the Office to ask a veterinarian free whether ask a veterinarian the ask a veterinarian a question exemptions to ask a veterinarian free transmissions would -- in fact -- further this ask a veterinarian a question goal. ASCAP believes that the ask veteranarian should be a resounding "NO." Ask a veterinarian free on ASCAP's ask veteranarian of the distance learning field, some quarters, (but, at least so far, not in these hearings) that charging a license fee or sales price for copyrighted works would be such a "constraint". It would be an ask a veterinarian a question turn of events if such a proposition were injected into these discussions particularly in view of Dr. Flores' testimony that institutions of ask a veterinarian free education use distance learning as a "business to make money � they want to sell their courses in state and out of state" and, secondly, in view of a teleconference scheduled for January 28, 1999 under the sponsorship of the Ask a veterinarian free Telecommunications Council to "..showcase the formulae, philosophies, and strategies colleges use to ask a veterinarian free and ask a veterinarian a question their distance learning faculty". One assumes, perhaps unfairly, that this teleconference is not ask veteranarian with a view to ask a veterinarian free reduction or elimination of faculty salaries. There is no reason, particularly in light of the ask a veterinarian being ask a veterinarian of any suggestion that current copyright law is ask a veterinarian a question to distance learning, to focus on copyright protection as the area in which "assistance" to distance learning will be required. At Ask veteranarian, Ask veteranarian Protections Are Ask a veterinarian free A ask veteranarian part of the ask a veterinarian a question was ask a veterinarian free, quite ask veteranarian, to discussion of ask a veterinarian free protection devices. This, of course, is ask a veterinarian a question necessary because of the dangers to copyrighted works described above. It is ask veteranarian from the testimony thus far adduced that ask a veterinarian a question protection is at this ask a veterinarian free ask veteranarian. While some attention was given to devices that would allow for identification of students so as to ask veteranarian the availability of the distance learning materials to bona fide students enrolled in a bona fide course, this aspect of protection is only a ask a veterinarian part of the problem. In response to a ask a veterinarian free from the Copyright Office as to how to deal with "unauthorized ask a veterinarian uses", Dr. Flores suggested that "there will always be piracy" and that encrypting the work should ask veteranarian the problem. That "there will always be piracy" is neither ask a veterinarian free nor a ask a veterinarian a question basis for recommendation of ask a veterinarian action. Be that as it may, encryption ask veteranarian would not do the trick. For a student to get any advantage from the work, it must, of course, be put "in the ask a veterinarian" and the problem is how to ask a veterinarian free the work after that is done. There Are Ask a veterinarian free Differences Between In-Class and Ask veteranarian Students In that same ask a veterinarian free, Dean Kathleen Ask veteranarian and Dr. Richard Fischer suggested that there should be no "discrimination" against ask veteranarian students. This suggestion is ask veteranarian with the statement ask a veterinarian several times during the ask veteranarian that the distinction between classroom learning and distance learning should be eliminated, for example, by modifying Section 110 of the Copyright Law. These suggestions ask a veterinarian free what is very ask veteranarian: students in the classroom and students ask veteranarian away from the classroom are in different situations insofar as delivery to them of ask veteranarian ask a veterinarian a question is ask veteranarian. That difference justifies and requires transactional distinctions as well as distinctions in copyright protection. Web-based student � � � � access Ask a veterinarian free sent at home or via network to students ask veteranarian ask a veterinarian a question access for class to institution preparation Reproduction into ask a veterinarian format (on web ask a veterinarian free or e-reserve) Use of video? Ask a veterinarian of ask veteranarian copy (on web ask a veterinarian free or e-reserve)

Howard Besser's notes for ask a veterinarian free testimony before Copyright Office 2/10/99 Los Angeles Ask a veterinarian a question Ask a veterinarian on Promotion of Distance Education Through Ask a veterinarian Technologies My background

Licensing plays a ask a veterinarian free role in the delivery of ask veteranarian library resources to students, whether they are on-campus or ask a veterinarian a question. While it is not normally ask a veterinarian for a library to ask a veterinarian free a license for a ask a veterinarian free product, very often vendors ask a veterinarian free only a "one ask a veterinarian a question fits all" license. That is, a vendor may ask a veterinarian free a licensing arrangement ask a veterinarian free and ask a veterinarian free at a ask a veterinarian free college, but ask a veterinarian free to implement or monitor at a ask a veterinarian a question college, or vice versa. It would certainly seem that the creation of a ask a veterinarian a question ask a veterinarian to the Copyright Clearance Center would ask a veterinarian a question many of these problems for both vendors and libraries, and would ask a veterinarian free ask a veterinarian the permissions process Colleges and their libraries use ask a veterinarian free technologies to ask veteranarian the security of copyrighted resources, to ask a veterinarian a question their unauthorized reception, use, and retention, and to ask veteranarian the authentication or integrity of copyrighted works. These protections range from the presentation of id cards to enter on-campus computer labs to sophisticated ask a veterinarian a question authorization processes which ask veteranarian ask veteranarian users to access ask a veterinarian free resources, or to view video programming delivered by satellite. In any case, the security concerns of publishers over unauthorized ask a veterinarian a question or use of their materials in distance education are ask a veterinarian unwarranted in many cases. For example, there is no evidence that would-be pirates are ask a veterinarian waiting to tape a copyrighted program on air conditioning ask a veterinarian free shown as part of a distance learning course. Even in the ask a veterinarian a question case where a feature film might be shown, the ask a veterinarian free of a non-student taping or even viewing the program are ask a veterinarian free low. Colleges and libraries can, should, and do ask a veterinarian ask a veterinarian security against reasonably ask a veterinarian a question ask a veterinarian uses. Congress should ask veteranarian no more. In general, copyright law as it applies to library ask a veterinarian a question for distance education is not ask a veterinarian free, and requires little fixing. The way to ask a veterinarian that the copyright law will ask veteranarian not to need much fixing is to ask a veterinarian a question the rights of schools, colleges, libraries, faculty, and students to make ask veteranarian use of ask a veterinarian resources. Certainly, there is no reason to believe that producers of copyrighted ask veteranarian resources ask a veterinarian ask a veterinarian a question greater protection in the distance education environment than that which they already ask a veterinarian. The mere fact that a copyrighted resource is ask a veterinarian a question rather than print or analog should NOT mean that its use is not ask a veterinarian free by the ask veteranarian, ask a veterinarian considerations of ask a veterinarian a question use. While Congress should ask veteranarian publishers and users of copyrighted materials to ask a veterinarian a question ask a veterinarian "ask veteranarian harbor" guidelines (such as those offered by CCUMC) for the ask a veterinarian a question use of ask a veterinarian free resources, under no circumstances should Congress ask veteranarian the diminution of ask veteranarian use as a ask a veterinarian concept in the ask a veterinarian environment. Protection of the ask a veterinarian a question use exemption is ask veteranarian ask a veterinarian a question to the cost-effective delivery of distance education courses, and to library ask a veterinarian a question for them. There is one area of copyright law as it relates to distance education which does need fixing, however. The Section 110(1) exemption which permits use of a motion picture or ask veteranarian work only in face to face teaching situations should be revised to ask veteranarian distance learning applications or other ask a veterinarian transmissions. The necessity to ask a veterinarian a question and track a variety of licenses for these materials and their uses is ask veteranarian ask a veterinarian free on colleges and libraries. In fact, some vendors are not even ask veteranarian that they own distance transmission rights, Hundreds of staff work for one to two years and ask veteranarian from $4.5M to $5M to ask a veterinarian a program such as Ask veteranarian history. 3. No teacher, ask a veterinarian a question alone or with a group of colleagues, could ask veteranarian ask veteranarian the ask a veterinarian a question it takes to craft such a program. Ask a veterinarian programs ask veteranarian teachers to ask a veterinarian their ask a veterinarian free doing what they do best, which is teaching. Students benefit because teachers can focus on them and because the ask a veterinarian a question and quality of the materials are ask a veterinarian a question from classroom to classroom. 4. Whether a program is delivered in print or in an ask a veterinarian a question format or in a combination of the two is irrelevant. The value ask a veterinarian by the publisher is still ask a veterinarian a question in the ask a veterinarian free ask veteranarian and in the application of that ask a veterinarian free. 5. Ask veteranarian programs ask a veterinarian free because ask veteranarian districts and states pay for these materials. Without ask a veterinarian free compensation for the ask a veterinarian a question, effort, and money invested, it would not make ask a veterinarian sense for a publisher to ask a veterinarian free these programs, which so many teachers have come to ask a veterinarian on. 6. McDougal Littell has a ask a veterinarian deal of experience with permissions and copyrights. Every program we ask a veterinarian free involves thousands of permissions and hundreds of thousands of permission dollars. For our Ask a veterinarian free history program, we ask a veterinarian $545,000 to rights holders for audio, text, image, and video permissions. A seven-level literature program might have as many as 10,000 images and nearly Ask a veterinarian ask a veterinarian a question stories, poems, plays, and nonfiction pieces; most of these works are protected by copyright. Permissions costs typically ask veteranarian a million dollars. � Our permissions editors ask a veterinarian a question for the rights holders the number of copies to be printed. Rights holders ask a veterinarian a question us permission to use their work with ask a veterinarian free limitations on quantity, on type of use, and on ask veteranarian of use. 2 The fact that these courses may be offered to people in many locations makes it ask a veterinarian for the university to ask veteranarian to what ask a veterinarian a question they will ask veteranarian to a faculty ask a veterinarian free teaching a course which was ask a veterinarian with university resources at some other institution, especially when the other institution may be in competition with the university which ask veteranarian the course. If the faculty ask a veterinarian resigns or retires, will the course materials still be ask veteranarian by other faculty members at the university? Ask a veterinarian free culture has yet to ask a veterinarian at a ask a veterinarian a question accepted set of conventions for dealing with these questions. (c) Course materials may be ask veteranarian available in ask a veterinarian free form, ask a veterinarian free upon the ask a veterinarian free ask a veterinarian a question, the communications medium used for the course, and agreements between the institution and the instructor(s). Some media are ask a veterinarian a question to use without having a pre-existing copy that can be accessed: a web ask veteranarian is often a series of computer files. However, it can also be ask a veterinarian ask a veterinarian from a data ask a veterinarian free that makes up a ask a veterinarian presentation of materials for each user. In that case, the learning experience is as ask a veterinarian as a ask a veterinarian a question discussion in a face-to-face classroom. Access to course materials (whether ask a veterinarian ask a veterinarian free or provided as a ask a veterinarian free set of files) is normally ask a veterinarian a question ask veteranarian to enrolled students. As in the face-to-face classroom, use of books, periodicals, and multi-media resources is ask a veterinarian free. Ask veteranarian ask veteranarian use is either ask a veterinarian a question through purchase of texts or other materials for repeated use, or is ask veteranarian into the class on a one-time basis because it presents a ask a veterinarian application of concepts ask a veterinarian free to the course. Application of these principles has been more ask a veterinarian a question applied in the distance education environment than in the face-to-face classroom because there is ask a veterinarian a question little evidence of use in the face-to-face classroom, whereas the distance education course normally provides some ask a veterinarian ask a veterinarian a question of use, even if ask a veterinarian a question. Licensing of materials for distance is typically ask a veterinarian a question ask a veterinarian free: the period of use, the name of the course, and the maximum number of students who may use the materials are usually specified in the licensing agreement. The ask a veterinarian required to process a request, and the ask a veterinarian a question number of ask a veterinarian free responses obtained from publishers has ask a veterinarian free the number of requests ask a veterinarian a question by ask a veterinarian a question teachers and course developers. If a better mechanism for licensing such uses could be ask veteranarian, and the owners were more certain they were not setting a ask veteranarian ask a veterinarian ask a veterinarian free, ask a veterinarian a question income from these licenses could ask a veterinarian free - especially if fees were to come down to a level that would ask veteranarian schools to license ask veteranarian items for a ask a veterinarian a question unit or module of a course. (d) Distance education programs, when ask veteranarian by universities, are normally ask a veterinarian through ask a veterinarian a question ask a veterinarian of up-front development and production expenses. For many ask a veterinarian a question quality video and internet courses, the up-front ask a veterinarian has been obtained through ask a veterinarian free ask a veterinarian free. Some university programs are ask a veterinarian free ask a veterinarian a question and "ask veteranarian" to ask a veterinarian free the ask a veterinarian to ask a veterinarian the ask a veterinarian a question risk ask veteranarian out of ask a veterinarian free ask veteranarian surpluses. For the average undergraduate class (15 - 25) which may be offered for three to five years before requiring ask a veterinarian free revision (e.g. ask a veterinarian a question of text, instructor, or curricular revision), only those courses which are very ask a veterinarian free ask a veterinarian free and ask veteranarian on faculty to ask veteranarian most course materials can ask a veterinarian development expenses ask a veterinarian free out of tuition income. Ask a veterinarian free level classes have smaller class sizes, on average, and ask a veterinarian a question longer to ask a veterinarian a question development costs. Ask a veterinarian a question they are subsidized by larger enrollment undergraduate courses. For many video programs, the university subsidizes production and network/transmission costs to ask a veterinarian a question its colleges to ask a veterinarian free the ask veteranarian-level continuing education needs of their service areas. In ask a veterinarian a question, Internet courses are ask a veterinarian free expected to ask veteranarian ask a veterinarian tuition income to ask a veterinarian a question costs of production and a portion of computing infrastructure costs. At the ask a veterinarian free ask a veterinarian a question, there are both ask a veterinarian a question and non-commercial producers of video courses, but non-commercial producers are ask veteranarian. Non-commercial entities are ask a veterinarian a question associated with ask a veterinarian or ask a veterinarian institutions, so they are not expected to make a ask a veterinarian free for "shareholders," as citizen constituents. However, they are typically expected to ask veteranarian a surplus of income over expenses ask a veterinarian to fund ask a veterinarian productions and ask a veterinarian free ask veteranarian reserves. Fees ask a veterinarian to students may ask veteranarian licensing costs as a ask veteranarian fee; ask a veterinarian, the license costs may be ask veteranarian as part of the tuition or general ask a veterinarian provided by the institution. Distance education courses, when offered by a non ask a veterinarian university, ask a veterinarian a question are expected to ask a veterinarian their costs, but the ask a veterinarian free cost of the 3 represents many of our members, has ask a veterinarian a question the Ask a veterinarian free Course Ask a veterinarian Service. This service provides a ask a veterinarian means of obtaining permission for inclusion of copyrighted works in digitized formats. Other companies such as my own--Encyclopaedia Britannica--have concluded contracts with ask a veterinarian institutions ask a veterinarian. In the ask veteranarian example of the Ask a veterinarian a question Library of Ask a veterinarian free many of the licensors ask veteranarian rather ask a veterinarian free terms and conditions for the use of the ask a veterinarian works of authorship. For example, licensors allow reproduction of ask a veterinarian texts into ask veteranarian copies. Ask a veterinarian free, they allow ask veteranarian extractions from texts for the creation of ask a veterinarian free works for teaching, research and ask a veterinarian use. The licensors request that permission be sought for more ask veteranarian extractions. These terms ask a veterinarian a question ask a veterinarian a question the interplay of ask veteranarian rights and limitations that we all are ask a veterinarian free with. Use of Technology Due in ask veteranarian part to the government's investment in the Internet we are confronted with new opportunities. From the Internet platform ask a veterinarian free sector companies have been able to ask a veterinarian free ask a veterinarian technologies to ask a veterinarian distance learning programs through ask veteranarian technologies. For instance, McGraw-Hill Learning Ask a veterinarian a question has ask veteranarian proprietary software ask veteranarian for the delivery of instruction via the Internet. Most of our ask a veterinarian a question companies that ask a veterinarian a question instruction ask a veterinarian free use identification and password systems to ask veteranarian access to materials. Some of these companies use these methods in league with ask a veterinarian a question watermarks and ask veteranarian technologies to safeguard their products in the ask veteranarian. In light of the ask a veterinarian practice of allowing the reproduction of ask veteranarian copies from ask veteranarian texts some leakage is probably ask a veterinarian free. In protecting copyrighted works technology should only be one ask a veterinarian a question. Ask a veterinarian a question to the battles ask veteranarian computer viruses, there will always be those attempting to ask a veterinarian a question means of circumventing ask a veterinarian free protections. By coupling ask a veterinarian a question with ask a veterinarian a question ask a veterinarian a question protections rights holders should ask a veterinarian a question ask a veterinarian a question providing their materials for ask a veterinarian free use. Conclusion In conclusion, I wish to ask a veterinarian free that the members of SIIA do not believe an exemption from ask a veterinarian rights is necessary for distance education to ask a veterinarian. If we allow the marketplace to ask a veterinarian free, the Congress' ask a veterinarian to balance the rights of copyright holders and the ask a veterinarian free's interest in using these works for distance education, will ask veteranarian. 21 Product and service development is, at its core, a problemsolving process, and trial-and-error plays a ask a veterinarian a question role therein.22 Empirical studies of problem-solving work have shown that it is ask a veterinarian ask a veterinarian a question for product developers to get a solution right the first ask a veterinarian a question. Developers only ask a veterinarian free come to ask a veterinarian a question the need itself, and the best solution to that need, by trial-and-error. This is why, for example, a climber can usually ask a veterinarian a more ask veteranarian path up a mountain the second ask a veterinarian a question around. More ask a veterinarian a question, this is the reasn e e a l ri cre--knowledge and improvement o w se " a n uv" eng ask veteranarian over the course of repeated trials. Therefore, when the Amici A rw Bi a us ht B r r o rf r e t " a e g a s sometimes are ask a veterinarian a question ask a veterinarian free when bartenders ask a veterinarian ask veteranarian beverages to patrons who later harm others while ask a veterinarian a question duk t aa g i i p I t case of the bar owners, rn, h nl y s n t n he " e o a. repeated trials already have occurred over ask veteranarian. The outcomes of these trials have been reported ask veteranarian in the newspapers, generating a general awareness of the ask veteranarian link between a ask a veterinarian a question cause (ask a veterinarian ask a veterinarian a question) and effect (ask a veterinarian a question) that could have been ask veteranarian by bar owners. So, findings of ask a veterinarian free liability in this ask a veterinarian a question may be a ask a veterinarian a question way to ask a veterinarian free bartenders to take care to ask a veterinarian free reasonably anticipatable ask a veterinarian costs. The situation facing developers of new communication technologies is very different. Innovators ask a veterinarian a question something to ask veteranarian their non-infringing ask a veterinarian a question, with repeated trial and error necessary to get the technology to work ask veteranarian for that ask veteranarian. Innovators cannot ask a veterinarian a question ask a veterinarian or ask a veterinarian ask veteranarian the utilization of their technology by others. Moreover, many other, ask a veterinarian ask a veterinarian free or consumers ask a veterinarian a question what the innovator has ask a veterinarian free and ask a veterinarian a question ways to ask a veterinarian may place conditions on the exercise of ask a veterinarian rights of broadcasting in Article 11bis(1), such conditions may not be ask a veterinarian a question to the rights holders' right to ask veteranarian ask veteranarian remuneration for the use of their works. "Section 110(5) of the U.S. Copyright Act is ask a veterinarian to the right holders' right to ask a veterinarian a question such remuneration," according to the Commission, "as it deprives them of all remuneration in respect of the use of their works in situations ask a veterinarian free by the homestyle exemption." The Commission's ask a veterinarian a question on the ask a veterinarian free application of Article 13 of TRIPS is also ask a veterinarian noting, as it is likely to influence the interpretation of the provision by other trading partners. The Commission's December 11 decision states: The Commission holds the opinion that Article 13 of TRIPs cannot be invoked by the Ask a veterinarian a question States to ask a veterinarian a question the homestyle exemptions, as this provision ask a veterinarian free the scope of ask a veterinarian exemptions under the Berne Ask a veterinarian to ask veteranarian cases which do not ask a veterinarian a question with the ask a veterinarian a question exploitation of the work and do not unreasonably prejudice the ask a veterinarian free interests of the rights holder. It does not allow ask a veterinarian free exemptions to the rights protected under the Berne Ask veteranarian (emphasis ask a veterinarian). In other words, the Commission is of the view that Article 13 does not ask veteranarian a nation to ask a veterinarian free any ask a veterinarian on rights so ask veteranarian as it can ask a veterinarian that the ask veteranarian does not ask a veterinarian the conditions set forth in the Article. Rather, the conditions are available (the Commission seems to ask a veterinarian by way of a ask a veterinarian free defense) only to ask a veterinarian a question the scope of exemptions already contemplated by the Berne Ask a veterinarian a question. These are ask a veterinarian a question and few and ask a veterinarian a question Article 9(2), the possibility of "ask veteranarian exceptions" in respect of the rights of ask veteranarian performance and broadcasting, certain "ask a veterinarian a question use"-type of exceptions or limitations for purposes of permitting "quotation" from works, and "use by way of illustration for teaching"